1. Flat Feet (Pes Planus) Flat feet are among the most widespread foot defects, and we have already covered them in detail in an older article. Flat feet are characterized by a decrease in the longitudinal or transverse arch of the foot. This subsequently leads to excessive stress on the foot arch and pain. Flat feet can be to some extent congenital, but they are primarily an acquired defect due to overweight, excessive strain, inappropriate footwear, or weakening of muscles and ligaments. The most common symptoms include pain in the feet, ankles, and knees, a feeling of excessive fatigue in the feet, as well as instability when walking. Orthopedic insoles can help alleviate the symptoms, but rehabilitation and exercise are more suitable. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary.

2. Bunions (Hallux Valgus) Bunions are a very common foot deformity in which the big toe bends towards the other toes, and a painful bump forms on its joint. This defect occurs more often in women, and its cause is mainly long-term wearing of inappropriate footwear with high heels and narrow toes. In addition to unsuitable footwear, genetic predisposition, flat feet, and even some diseases play a significant role in the case of bunions. Although a bunion is a deformity visible to the naked eye, typical symptoms include pain in the big toe, redness, swelling, deformity of other toes, and the formation of painful calluses. Orthopedic insoles and correctors are most commonly used in the treatment and mitigation of discomfort, and rehabilitation is certainly necessary. Unfortunately, even in this case, you will probably not avoid surgery in severe cases.

3. Hammer Toes Hammer toes are a specific deformity in which the toes are bent at the joints and resemble a hammer. This defect can be caused by inappropriate footwear, injury, or even some diseases. This defect manifests itself as pain in the toes, calluses, corns, and even significant deformities of the nails. In the area of treatment and mitigation of discomfort, orthopedic insoles, correctors, rehabilitation, suitable footwear, and, in severe cases, surgery are again primarily applied.

4. Heel Spur Heel spurs are also among the very common foot deformities. It is a bony growth on the heel bone that causes pain when walking and standing. It arises due to long-term overloading of the foot arch and inflammation of the plantar fascia. The most common causes include excessive strain, flat feet, inappropriate footwear, but also overweight or age. Heel spurs are characterized by heel pain, especially during the first steps in the morning or after a long rest. Treatment and mitigation of discomfort are possible with orthopedic insoles, rehabilitation, shockwave therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, and in severe cases, surgery.

Prevention of Foot Defects As always, prevention of these deformities is best. You can prevent them as follows:

• Wear appropriate footwear: Avoid high heels and narrow toes. Choose shoes with enough space for your toes and good arch support.
• Exercise your feet regularly: Strengthen the muscles of your legs and feet, stretch your calves and Achilles tendon.
• Maintain optimal weight: Excess weight puts a strain on your feet and increases the risk of defects.
• Regular check-ups with a specialist: If you experience pain or other problems with your feet, visit a doctor or physiotherapist.

Conclusion Foot defects can significantly affect the quality of life. If you experience any symptoms, do not hesitate to seek professional help. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent the development of more serious complications and ensure healthy feet for a lifetime.